B篇文献
文献阅读词汇
nucleotides 核苷酸
a plethora of research indicating that the aberrant expression of miRNAs in various types of cancers大量研究表明miRNA在各种类型的癌症中异常表达
suppresspr 抑制物
promoter 启动子
proliferation 增殖
transmission and inhibition 传递和抑制
diagnosis 诊断
It follows that in-depth studies of ？？ will contribute to understanding the mechanism of ？？ cancer development and its biological functions, providing a theoretical basis for its prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
由此可见，对？？的深入研究将有助于了解？？癌的发生机制及其生物学功能，为其预防、诊断和治疗提供理论依据。
Bioinformatics uses computational tools to store, search, and analyze biological information. A wide array of computational techniques related to database design and construction, protein structure and function prediction, gene discovery, and expression data clustering, are provided as bioinformatics methods for researching cancer and several other diseases (Luscombe et al., 2001). Access to The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) (Tomczak et al., 2015), the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) (Barrett et al., 2007), the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) (Kanehisa and Goto, 2000), the Gene Ontology (GO) database (Ashburner et al., 2000), and other databases are pertinent to cancer research. These resources enable relevant tumor data to be searched, processed, and analyzed by using differential expression analysis, survival analysis, functional enrichment analysis, pathway enrichment analysis, and the other functional tools available. Early biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets of tumors identified by these methods have assisted in exploring the molecular mechanisms of tumor pathogenesis and provide clues for further understanding of related tumors. For example, functional enrichment and survival analysis showed that miR19b-3p might affect the apoptosis and proliferation of human colon cancer cells through SMAD family member 4 (SMAD4) and serve as a prognostic marker for colon cancer (Jiang et al., 2017). In another study, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified in colon cancer by differential expression analysis were further analyzed using function and survival analysis approaches (Yong et al., 2018). The results implicated protein phosphatase 2 catalytic subunit alpha (PPP2CA) in the occurrence and development of colon cancer, and its potential to serve as a therapeutic target in colon cancer (Yong et al., 2018). With the gradual development of molecular biology technology, bioinformatics has become increasingly important in cancer research, performing a major role in elucidating cancer mechanisms and finding novel targets for cancer treatment and patient prognosis.
生物信息学使用计算工具来存储、搜索和分析生物信息。 提供了与数据库设计和构建、蛋白质结构和功能预测、基因发现和表达数据聚类相关的广泛计算技术，作为研究癌症和其他几种疾病的生物信息学方法（Luscombe 等，2001）。 访问癌症基因组图谱 (TCGA) (Tomczak et al., 2015)、Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) (Barrett et al., 2007)、Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) (Kanehisa and Goto, 2000) )、基因本体论 (GO) 数据库 (Ashburner et al., 2000)，以及其他与癌症研究相关的数据库。 这些资源可以通过使用差异表达分析、生存分析、功能富集分析、通路富集分析和其他可用的功能工具来搜索、处理和分析相关的肿瘤数据。 这些方法鉴定的肿瘤早期生物标志物和潜在治疗靶点有助于探索肿瘤发病的分子机制，为进一步了解相关肿瘤提供线索。 例如，功能富集和生存分析表明，miR19b-3p 可能通过 SMAD 家族成员 4 (SMAD4) 影响人结肠癌细胞的凋亡和增殖，并作为结肠癌的预后标志物 (Jiang et al., 2017)。 在另一项研究中，使用功能和生存分析方法进一步分析了通过差异表达分析在结肠癌中鉴定的差异表达基因 (DEG) (Yong et al., 2018)。 结果表明蛋白磷酸酶 2 催化亚基 α (PPP2CA) 在结肠癌的发生和发展中发挥了作用，并有可能成为结肠癌的治疗靶点 (Yong et al., 2018)。 随着分子生物学技术的逐步发展，生物信息学在癌症研究中的地位越来越重要，在阐明癌症机制、寻找癌症治疗和患者预后的新靶点方面发挥着重要作用。
pathogenesis 发病机制
Exploring and studying the molecular mechanism and critical genes of colon cancer is key in improving the prevention and treatment of colon cancer. 探索和研究结肠癌的分子机制和关键基因是提高结肠癌防治水平的关键。
screen out 筛选
constructed a Cox proportional hazards regression model.
我们构建了一个 Cox 比例风险回归模型。
performed a functional enrichment analysis to understand the potential biological functions of these consensus genes.
进行功能富集分析以了解这些共有基因的潜在生物学功能
constructed the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network of the consensus genes to illuminate the critical genes.
构建了共有基因的蛋白质 – 蛋白质相互作用（PPI）网络以阐明关键基因
流程步骤
确定mirna，手动筛选出DEM
使用cox比例风险模型，单变量和多变量，筛选出于癌症生存相关的mirna，绘km生存分析的曲线
使用两个在线网站的预测分析靶基因，得到8个预后mirna和DEG相交，得到共有基因
而miRNA的靶基因预测可以说是其中准确率最高的作用形式，只需要在几个数据库中输入miRNA名称，即可输出预测靶基因结果，将多个数据库的预测结果取交集，再结合细胞株中过表达miRNA之后，这些靶基因是否具有下调趋势的结果，即可锁定一组直接作用分子，Luciferase Assay验证成功，即大功告成。
分享miRNA和lncRNA靶向预测网站——miRcode，lncRNABase，starbase，RegRNA2.0
C篇文献
文献词汇
RNA profiles were extracted from
RNA谱是从……提取的
Then, the DERNAs were paired by miRcode, miRDB, TargetScan and DIANA, and the ceRNA network was further constructed and visualized using Cytoscape.
然后，通过 miRcode、miRDB、TargetScan 和 DIANA 对 DERNA 进行配对，并使用 Cytoscape 进一步构建和可视化 ceRNA 网络。
Metascape功能富集分析
Afterward, the “survival” package was employed to identify candidate prognostic targets (DERNA-os) in the ceRNA network
之后，使用“生存”包来识别 ceRNA 网络中的候选预后目标 (DERNA-os)
The age-standardized incidence rate of stomach cancer
胃癌的年龄标准化发病率
mortality,
死亡率
respectively
分别地
comprehensive treatment
综合治疗
The prognosis is favorable
预后良好
advanced
先进的；高级的；高等的；（发展）晚期的
进阶；高级选项；高级设置
further multilevel mechanistic research
进一步的多层次机理研究
tumor molecular pathogenesis
肿瘤分子发病机制
Advances in… based on… have opened up an important new avenue for tumor research
基于…在…的研究进展为肿瘤研究开辟了一条重要的新途径
Only 2% of RNAs in the human transcriptome encode proteins, and the remaining 98% are noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) [4, 5], including ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs).
人类转录组中只有 2% 的 RNA 编码蛋白质，其余 98% 是非编码 RNA (ncRNA) [4, 5]，包括核糖体 RNA (rRNA)、长链非编码 RNA (lncRNA) 和 microRNA (miRNA)。
Recent advances in next-generation sequencing technologies have led to the identification of previously unidentified and uncharacterized RNA transcripts that have been linked to various growth and development processes, including diseases such as ？？.
新一代测序技术的最新进展已导致识别与各种生长和发育过程（包括 ？？ 等疾病）相关的以前未识别和未表征的 RNA 转录物。
thereby suppressing the hyperplasia and metastasis of breast tumor cells
从而抑制乳腺肿瘤细胞的增生和转移
Furthermore, researchers also observed a mutual targeting regulatory relationship between different types of ncRNAs .
此外，研究人员还观察到不同类型的ncRNA之间存在相互靶向调节关系。
Based on a large amount of data and experimental verification,
基于大量数据和实验验证
hypothesized
假设
thereby enhancing the invasiveness and metastasis of GC cells
从而增强GC细胞的侵袭和转移
tumorigenesis, progression and prognosis
肿瘤发生、进展和预后
may facilitate
可能有助于
On the one hand
On the other hand
miRDB (http://mirdb.org/) 、
TargetScan 7.2 (h t t p : //www.targetscan.org/vert_72/) [14] 和 DIANA 中的 microTCDS (http://www.microrna.gr/
screen 筛选
designate 指定
visualize 可视化
收集到的 GO 和 KEGG 术语最少有 3 个基因，P < 0.05，富集因子 > 1.5。
hierarchical
按等级划分的；等级制度的
extract and render 提取和呈现
downregulate 调节，向下调节
第一步，下载癌症的三种rna表达谱
第二步，用r筛选出miRNA和mRNA和lncRNA的差异表达
第三步，用miRcode决定DElncRNA和DEmiRNA关系，而用MIRDB和TargetScan和DIANA获取DEmiRNA和DEmRNA的关系
第四步，用Cytoscape可视化两种关系，建立ceRNA网络
第五步，生物富集分析mRNAs
第六步，生存分析筛选与os有关的DE的三种RNA
第七步，第六步和第四步做交集，根据调控方式确定了轴
未知：如何区分各种rna
如何使用cytoscape画出cerna图
如何结合os的derna然后筛选得到轴